ALL ABOUT CHEMICAL STUDY PROGRAM FMIPA UII
HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE
The history of chemistry begins more than 4000 years ago when the Egyptians started with the art of synthetic “wet” chemistry. 1000 years BC, ancient society has used technology that will form the basis for the formation of various branches of chemistry. Extracting metals from ores, making ceramics and glass, fermenting beer and wine, making dyes for cosmetics and painting, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, making cheese, dyes, clothing, making metal alloys such as bronze.
They did not try to understand the nature and nature of the materials they use and their changes, so that at that time chemistry was not yet born. But experimenting and recording the results is a step towards science.
The ancient Greek philosophers already had the idea that matter was composed of much smaller, indivisible particles (atomos). However, this concept is only a thought that is not supported by experimentation, so it is not suitable to be called a chemical theory.
Chemistry as a science that involves scientific activities was born by Muslim Arab and Persian scientists in the 8th century. One of the foremost fathers of chemistry was Jabir ibn Hayyan (700-778), better known in Europe by his Latin name, Geber. The new knowledge was given the name al-kimiya (Arabic for “change of matter”). From the word al-kimiya, all the nations on earth have borrowed terms: alchemi (Latin), chemistry (English), chimie (France), chemie (Germany), chimica (Italy) and Kimia (Indonesia).
The history of chemistry can be thought of as starting with the differentiation of chemistry from alchemy by Robert Boyle (1627–1691) through his work The Sceptical Chymist (1661). Both alchemy and chemistry study the nature of matter and its changes but, in contrast to alchemists, chemists employ the scientific method.
In 1789 there were two kinds of major revolutions in France which had an impact on the development of world history. First, the revolution in politics when the people invaded the Bastille prison and this started the growth of democracy in Europe. Second, the revolution in science when Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) published his book, Traite Elementaire de Chimie, this started the growth of modern chemistry. In his book Lavoisier develops the law of conservation of mass. The discovery of the chemical elements has a long history which culminated in the creation of the periodic table of the chemical elements by Dmitri Mendeleyev in 1869.
Alchemists discovered many chemical processes that led to the development of modern chemistry. As history progressed, prominent alchemists (especially Abu Musa Jabir bin Hayyan and Paracelsus) developed alchemy away from philosophy and mysticism and developed a more systematic and scientific approach. The first alchemist who is considered to apply the scientific method to alchemy and differentiate between chemistry and alchemy was Robert Boyle (1627–1691). However, chemistry as we know it today was created by Antoine Lavoisier with his law of conservation of mass in 1783. The discovery of the chemical elements has a long history that culminated in the creation of the periodic table of the chemical elements by Dmitri Mendeleyev in 1869.
Chemistry develops from three sources, namely alchemy / alchemy, medical science and technological advances.
Alchemy is a process that combines elements of chemistry, physics, astrology, art, semiotics, metallurgy, medicine, mysticism, and religion. The word alchemy comes from the Arabic-kimiya or al-khimiya (الكيمياء or الخيمياء), which may be formed from particles. al- and the Greek word khumeia (χυμεία) which means “to mold together”, “to pour together”, “to melt”, “aloy”, and others (from khumatos, “to be poured, metal rod”). Another etymology associates this word with the word “Al Kemi”, which means “Egyptian art”, because the ancient Egyptians called their country “Kemi” and were seen as powerful magicians throughout the ancient world.
Alchemy began to spread through the Middle East to Europe, when alchemy was heavily influenced by western thought. Alchemy was greatly influenced by Greek scientists who stated that matter can change into other materials that are more perfect. For 1500 years, traditional alchemy studied matter and its transformation. They are looking for ways to turn a worthless material like copper into something of great value like gold (metal transmutation). This is why alchemists paint copper objects with a layer of gold in order to fool their followers.
Many discoveries in the field of alchemy were of great significance in chemical processes. Distillation, percolation and extraction are some of the important methods found in the development of alchemy.
Alchemy also influenced medical practice in Europe. Since the 13th century, herbal plant distillations have been used for traditional medicine. Paracelsus, an alchemist and physicist important in history stated that the human body is a chemical system in which the balance of compounds in it can be replaced by drugs / medical treatments. Paracelsus followers who later discovered mineral-drugs in the 17th century.
Apart from the fields of alchemy and medicine, chemistry is also influenced by technological developments. For thousands of years humans have tried to develop technologies that can bring about material change. Pottery making, process dying and metallurgy contribute to thinking about changing materials. In the Middle Ages, the technology of flour, metallurgy, and geology began to be documented. Many books describe purification methods, assays and the use of scales.
The roots of chemistry can be traced to the combustion phenomenon. Fire is a mystical power that converts one substance into another and therefore is the main concern of mankind. It is fire that leads people to the discovery of iron and glass. After gold was discovered and became a precious metal, many people were interested in finding a method that could convert other substances into gold. This creates a protoscience called Alchemy. Alchemy has been practiced by many cultures throughout history and has often contained a mixture of philosophy, mysticism, and protoscience.
Alchemists discovered many chemical processes that led to the development of modern chemistry. As history progressed, prominent alchemists (especially Abu Musa Jabir bin Hayyan and Paracelsus) developed alchemy away from philosophy and mysticism and developed a more systematic and scientific approach. The first alchemist who is considered to apply the scientific method to alchemy and differentiate between chemistry and alchemy was Robert Boyle (1627–1691). However, chemistry as we know it today was created by Antoine Lavoisier with his law of conservation of mass in 1783. The discovery of the chemical elements has a long history that culminated in the creation of the periodic table of the chemical elements by Dmitri Mendeleyev in 1869.
Chemistry is generally divided into several main areas. There are also several interdisciplinary and more specialized branches in chemistry.
1. Analytical chemistry is the analysis of samples of materials to gain an understanding of their chemical makeup and structure. Analytical chemistry involves standard experimental methods in chemistry. These methods can be used in all other sub-disciplines of chemistry, except for pure theoretical chemistry.
2. Biochemistry studies the chemical compounds, chemical reactions, and chemical interactions that occur in living organisms. Biochemistry and organic chemistry are closely related, as in medicinal chemistry or neurochemistry. Biochemistry is also associated with molecular biology, physiology, and genetics.
3. Inorganic chemistry studies the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. The differences between the organic and inorganic fields are not absolute and there are many overlaps, particularly in the field of organometallic chemistry.
4. Organic chemistry studies the structure, properties, composition, mechanism and reactions of organic compounds. An organic compound is defined as any compound based on a carbon chain.
5. Physical chemistry examines the physical basis of chemical systems and processes, in particular the energy and dynamics of these systems and processes. Important fields in this study include chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, statistical mechanics, and spectroscopy. Physical chemistry has large overlap with molecular physics. Physical chemistry involves using calculus to derive equations, and is usually associated with quantum chemistry and theoretical chemistry.
6. Theoretical chemistry is the study of chemistry through the elaboration of basic theory (usually in mathematics or physics). Specifically, the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is called quantum chemistry. Since the end of World War II, the development of computers has facilitated the systematic development of computational chemistry, which is the art of developing and applying computer programs to solve chemical problems. Theoretical chemistry has much overlap (theoretically and experimentally) with condensed matter physics and molecular physics.
CHEMISTRY STUDY PROGRAM
Chemistry Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Islamic University of Indonesia (FMIPA-UII) is a study program that was established on June 20, 1996 based on the Decree of the Director General of DIKTI No.96 / DIKTI / Kep. / 1996.
Chemistry Study Program has great attention and thought to the development of the environment in which this study program stands, grows and develops and the environment around it. The regional potential has been felt so far from the attention of development and application of higher education science. Natural and human resources in the area where UII is located, or each UII academic community comes from, has diversity and potential advantages that need to be optimized.
The desire to take part with high technology developed in lighthouse industrial projects has distanced universities from the applicable technology that is desired for regional potential development, so that the existing potential has only developed in a traditional way. One of the real efforts of the Chemistry Study Program to make this happen is to carry out scientific activities that involve the wider community in the form of workshops and training on the potential, cultivation, production and trade of essential oils, which are untapped regional potentials. This activity, which is routinely carried out every year, has attracted the interest of the community, including farmers, traders, entrepreneurs, non-governmental organizations and youth.
Chemistry Study Program is the only study program within the management of the Chemistry Department / study program. The availability of resources in the field of chemistry as academic staff who can manage the Chemistry Study Program and the availability of laboratory facilities and the availability of space and lecture facilities are internal factors that support the establishment of this study program. In addition, there is close cooperation between UII and Gadjah Mada University (UGM), the use of government-owned research and analysis laboratories, such as BATAN, BP POM, BTKL, BPPTK, and DIY Leather Center so that the use of resources in the chemical sector to help implementation of the learning process can be possible.
Through the SEMI-QUE V program in 2003 that he received, Chemistry Study Program has succeeded in improving internal management and academic quality, so that it has an impact on the quality of the learning process.
Chemistry Study Program has great attention and thought to the development of the environment in which this study program stands, grows and develops and the environment around it. The regional potential has been felt so far from the attention of development and application of higher education science. Natural and human resources in the area where UII is located, or each UII academic community comes from, has diversity and potential advantages that need to be optimized.
The desire to take part with high technology developed in lighthouse industrial projects has distanced universities from the applicable technology that is desired for regional potential development, so that the existing potential has only developed in a traditional way. One of the real efforts of the Chemistry Study Program to make this happen is to carry out scientific activities that involve the wider community in the form of workshops and training on the potential, cultivation, production and trade of essential oils, which are untapped regional potentials. This activity, which is routinely carried out every year, has attracted the interest of the community, including farmers, traders, entrepreneurs, non-governmental organizations and youth.
Chemistry Study Program is the only study program within the management of the Chemistry Department / study program. The availability of resources in the field of chemistry as academic staff who can manage the Chemistry Study Program and the availability of laboratory facilities and the availability of space and lecture facilities are internal factors that support the establishment of this study program. In addition, there is close cooperation between UII and Gadjah Mada University (UGM), the use of government-owned research and analysis laboratories, such as BATAN, BP POM, BTKL, BPPTK, and DIY Leather Center so that the use of resources in the chemical sector to help implementation of the learning process can be possible. Through the SEMI-QUE V program in 2003 that he received, the chemistry study program has succeeded in improving internal management and academic quality, so that it has an impact on the quality of the learning process
